Everything about Ernst B Chain totally explained
Sir
Ernst Boris Chain (
June 19,
1906 –
August 12,
1979) was a
German-born
British biochemist, and a
1945 co-recipient of the
Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for his work on
penicillin.
Chain was born in
Berlin to a
Russian father who moved from his birthland to study chemistry abroad, and a
German Berliner mother. In 1930, he received his degree in
chemistry from
Friedrich Wilhelm University. After the
Nazis came to power, Chain knew that he, being a
Jew, would no longer be safe in Germany. He left Germany in 1933 and moved to England.
He began working on
phospholipids at
Cambridge University under the direction of Sir
Frederick Gowland Hopkins. In
1935, he accepted a job at
Oxford University as a lecturer in
pathology. During this time he worked on a range of research topics, including
snake venoms,
tumour metabolism,
lysozymes, and
biochemistry techniques.
In 1939, he joined
Howard Florey to investigate natural antibacterial agents produced by
microorganisms. This led him and Florey to revisit the work of
Alexander Fleming, who had described
penicillin nine years previously. Chain and Florey went on to discover penicillin's therapeutic action and its chemical composition. It was Chain who worked out how to isolate and concentrate penicillin. He also theorized the structure of penicillin, which was confirmed by
x-ray crystallography done by
Dorothy Hodgkin. For this research, Chain, Florey, and Fleming received the Nobel Prize in 1945.
Towards the end of World War II, Chain learned his mother and sister had perished in the war. After World War II, Chain moved to
Rome,
Italy to work at the
Istituto Superiore di Sanità (Superior Institute of Health). He returned to Britain in
1964 as head of the biochemistry department at
Imperial College London.
In 1948, he married
Anne Beloff, sister of
Max Beloff and
Nora Beloff. In his later life, his Jewish identity became increasingly important to him. He became a member of the board of governors of the
Weizmann Institute of Science at
Rehovot in 1954, and later a member of the executive council. He raised his children securely within the Jewish faith, arranging much extra-curricular tuition for them. His views were expressed most clearly in his speech ‘Why I'm a Jew’ given at the World Jewish Congress Conference of Intellectuals in 1965.
After his retirement, he moved to the west of
Ireland.
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